International Tourism Management Cultural diversity in international trade and International business management through globalization

Both cultural diversity and international business management skills are closely related in the sense that both of them are crucial towards the success of any form of globalised international business. In addition, it is worth noting that international tourism management largely relies on how well both cultural diversity and overall business management have been integrated.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on International Tourism Management: Cultural diversity in international trade and International business management through globalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper offers a succinct discussion of cultural diversity in international trade and skills or competences required to manage international businesses. In addition, the paper relates the two topics of discussion and how they are significant to tourism industry. Topic I. Cultural diversity in international trade Managing cultural dive rsity in international trade has become one of the most fundamental requirements when managing modern multicultural and multinational enterprises. When this form of diversity is managed well, it aids in enhancing workplace relationships bearing in mind that individual employees will be in a position to appreciate cultural values of members drawn from diverse cultural backgrounds by interpreting their behaviors and actions. Besides, organizational performance of a multinational enterprise is greatly influenced by cultural differences experienced in the course of complex interaction between the immediate business environment and individuals. It is against this backdrop that Torres-baumgarten and Yucetepe (2009) point out that the latter may easily affect the degree of satisfaction, motivation, performance as well as l diversitbehavioral patterns of individuals especially at their places of work. On the same note, cultural diversity has been used as a major in tourism industry. While t his form of diversity may act as a draw back in international trade, it is highly likely that the multicultural aspect of a region may be used as a major strength in building tourism industry.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cultural diversity as well as equality in international trade in a foreign country remain as some of the most important factors that define the ability of an international organization to promote greater creativity, strengthening its brand alongside improving production and profitability. Moreover, management of cultural diversity and equality in a multinational enterprise is gaining popularity rapidly and is being used to facilitate faster attainment of organizational objectives. However, in spite of key legislations which have been in existence for long to encourage diversity and reduce inequality, managing cultural differences still remains a major challenge. The tourism industry is also bound to suffer great losses in regions where international trade has been thwarted by the aspect of culture. Hofstede argues in his cultural model argue that cultures of diverse multicultural enterprises in a foreign nation are based on different independent dimensions that include short-term or long-term orientation, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity or femininity, individualism or collectivism and power distance (Hofstede, 1993). While the tourism industry has benefitted a lot from the multicultural domain of most destinations, it is imperative to note that the proposed model can indeed assist a manager of a multinational enterprise in predicting the values and practices of societies or nations that host them. It is imperative to note that the culture of a given society is the sum of its assumptions, beliefs and values. The man-made part of that culture is influenced by the perceptions individuals have of their social environment. I n addition, a prescribed behavior of a particular society and enterprise is shaped by those shared perceptions. An international manager intending to manage cultural diversity among a workforce may not be able to directly observe culture, but can easily infer it from verbal exchanges and daily societal or organizational activities.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on International Tourism Management: Cultural diversity in international trade and International business management through globalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is also worth noting that tourism industry relies heavily on operations across borders. Hence, the aspect of cultural representation of employees in tourism agencies is of great importance. Managing cultural diversity in a multinational enterprise is therefore important for the following reasons: To enhance organizational networking Schwartz argues in his cultural value theor y that effective understanding of different cultures may assist a manager to develop social networking behaviors with a multicultural workforce or businesses. His theory strongly indicates that a manager in an organization or a multicultural enterprise who intends to be effective and succeed in management operations must possess or develop positive patterns of behavior necessary for social networking. As an international industry, the growth of tourism is indeed dependent on organizational and social networking. Nearly all multinational enterprises today including tourism are operated with an aim of growth and maximization of profits. Developing a positive networking behavior in this industry will not only aid such an enterprise to build good relationship with other businesses, but also assist it to acquire scarce resources for business growth. Additionally, effective understanding of masculinity and femininity cultures as Hofstede indicates has been a positive networking and manage ment behavior that has enhanced many multicultural enterprise relationships with different cultures. As such, this has aided it in obtaining external resources necessary to drive up the business and establishing an effective workforce.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More To promote diversity and equity in the workplace at all levels of management Managing diversity in a multicultural enterprise should start from the lowest level of an organization management and be reflected up to the top. Furthermore, leaders should constitute teams that reflect strong gender sensitivity and representation. Most societies from Hofstede’s perspective of masculinity versus femininity offer male gender better positions than the female. It is important to note that due to the current male dominance in most organizations and middle level management, human resources management should facilitate the change of trend by ensuring equity in teams. Use of teams in societal working as Schwartz postulates in his cultural value model gives all members of a workforce a chance to learn and perfect their skills in line with their company’s objectives. Teams would further allow all workers irrespective of their race, gender, religion or origin to assert their skills and prove their critiques wrong. With acting as latter source of leaders and managers, Shwartz conclusion that they create the best basis for anchoring diversity and equity is therefore correct. Schwartz dimension above is almost congruent with Hofstede’s homonymous dimension. In his power distance dimension, Hofstede points out that the degree of equality in a society should be stressed since it allows upward mobility for citizens. Managing a multicultural enterprise requires balancing power distances between the management and workers to minimize inequalities. For instance, at Dell Company, emphasis on equity and diversity is reflected at all levels including the top management. The management of the company should be reflected from the top. The top management should be a role model and reflect diversity in itself. Hence, there is need to include disabled people, both genders, and different races in the top decision making teams to create the sense of equity to lower levels of the company. Both to lower level management and the community, a diverse top leadership team would be easy to emulate and ultimately make similar applications easier. Use of rewards and incentives on the basis creativity Trompanaar points out that there is need.for a society to appreciate cultural diversity in his achievement versus ascription dimension. He points out that in cultures that are highly ascription oriented, rewards for personal attributes such as experiences should be given regardless of race. The notion that diversity and equity application is largely dependent on organizations’ management calls for more innovative ways to change their operations. Trompanaar’s dimensions fits well with Hofstede’s achievement versus quality of life dimension that calls for use of rewards and incentives in managing cultural organizations that articulate diversity and. Both models almost unanimously agree that employees in a multicultural business regardless of thei r cultural background would respond positively to rewards like promotions and bonuses as they add meaning to their work life. Employees’ development and capacity building Schwartz argues in his cultural value model that the biggest step that organizations can make in fostering diversity and equity in organizations is facilitating employees understanding on their rights. In their publication, Bellin and Pham (2007) argues that though managements remain the greatest determinants of equity and diversity in their organizations, employees must not be passive. They should constantly equip themselves with laws requirements on equity and diversity. Their argument echoes Hofstede’s position on masculinity and femininity where gender differentiation is considered a major issue in societies where power structure is male dominated. Individuals in such societies, especially the discriminated ones, must defend their rights. In a multicultural enterprise, effective management of cult ural diversity calls for low masculinity where both male and female genders are treated equally (Schlein Garii 2011). Topic II. International business management The emerging competitive business environment calls for effective and competent international management skills. The foundation of successful management functions in international markets is dependent on intercultural skills of multinational managers as already discussed. Similarly, international markets are affected by variety of internal and external factors that are likely to hinder business operations in the foreign country. Proper application of the four management activities is what guarantees success in achieving international and national business goals and objectives. On the same note, the growth and development of tourism industry demands effective management of international tourist platforms and destinations (Bhatia, 2001). Organizations today both in international and home markets are directing most of their e fforts towards achieving two important goals; increase profitability and securing their competitiveness for the future. To achieve the above goals effectively, businesses appointed managers who are entrusted to carry out various managerial activities to steer the business towards its goals and objectives are needed. Scholars in management have identified four management concepts that assist international organizations to achieve their set goals and objectives if effectively executed. The most basic operation of international tourism management is planning. It acts as a foundation upon which all the other functions of management are built upon. The process of planning involves a critical assessment of the organization in terms of its present positioning in the market, and the future threats and opportunities it is likely to encounter. The results of the above evaluation are what determine the course of action that a company will adopt to achieve the set goals and objectives. Addition ally, international managers should note that planning activity is a continuous process that should be modified as an organization faces sudden challenges and identifies new opportunities in the course of attaining objectives and goals. Sometimes, external factors that affect a business negatively may compel a multinational enterprise to redesign new action plans to accomplish certain goals especially when operating in unfamiliar regions. For example, a new brand of soap in the market might force the companies dealing with similar products to rethink of new marketing strategies to maximize their positioning in the market. Research has shown that business environments are evolving continuously, therefore, it had become extremely difficult to predict what changes might be present in the future. As exemplified above, the main concern businesses is how to secure a competitive edge in the future market. For this reason, managers today are adopting a new preparation strategy known as stra tegic management as part of planning activity. Therefore, strategic management is a situation where an organization’s management critically analyses internal and external factors that are likely to hinder achievement of its goals and objectives. As stated above planning is the foundation of all management activities. Therefore, after successful planning the second function is getting organized. The responsibility of international management at this stage is to organize the necessary resources (both manpower and material) needed to implement the course of action identified in the planning stage. Boddewyn, Toyne and Martà ­nez (2004) expound that organization is a managerial activity that seeks to create relationships by assigning a specific responsibility for each team member and identify the authority to head each team. It is also worthy to note that international tourism is part and parcel of globalization since there are no barriers to free flow of people and goods. Theref ore, an international manager has to take care of staffing issues with the global aspect in mind, since it the most important asset in the attainment of goals and objectives. Staffing as a subsidiary organizational activity is concerned with the entire process of equipping an organization with the necessary manpower or human resource. This includes issues to do with recruitment, selection, training, placement, compensation, demotion if any and employee’s retirement issues. The main aim of assessing the staffing needs of an organization is to ensure that it gets the right men for the right job. The capacity and ability of an organizations hired personnel is what determines the future success or failure of the organizations goals. The third and equally important management activity is direction and leadership. The main concern of process of management is getting the work done to achieve the desired goals. To get the work done, the human assets require continuous motivation and encouragement to work effectively. It is the role of management to direct the team towards the delivery of action plans. It achieves the above function by giving instructions and constant communication about orders, rules and decisions. In addition, the management provides guidance and leadership, supervises the work delivery process and employee behavior towards the same, and inspires the employees towards improved performance. Research has shown that employee satisfaction translates to positive and improved performance (Schneider Jean-Louis, 1997). Therefore, most managers today are focused on improving employee satisfaction, and this should be activity for every organization that wishes to survive the cut-throat competition (Boddewyn, 2004). For example, the management can carry out employee satisfaction surveys to find out the level of satisfaction. Depending on the results, the management can improve on the areas identified to be creating a dissatisfied workforce. This process of defining the desired direction and leadership of a company can be achieved with ease, however, pro-activation the right direction requires an insightful and experienced management. The last of the four functions of international managers is control. The main aim of this function is to establish performance standards that are biased towards achieving organization’s goals. It also involves carrying out performance evaluation on how the actual job is progressing. In the case of tourism industry, control is crucial in identifying and maintaining the attractiveness of a destination. For instance, the management is supposed to communicate the expected performance standards of employees, and sheds light in case any of the organization’s department is experiencing a challenge in achieving the required standards. Similarly to the management functions identified above, control activity is a continuous process. The management constantly evaluates the performance standards and identified the challenges that hinder improved performance standards. The continuous control evaluation process is important because if any future problems are identified, preventive measures can be put in place immediately. In brief, the managerial control activity is a kind of a follow up process that examines performance and compares it against the identified actions plans, and takes corrective measures if needed. As such, impressive growth in revenue in tourism industry can only be initiated and sustained in an environment where an international manager is exercising utmost control though with due caution. References Bellin, O.B. Pham, C.T. (2007). Global expansion: balancing a uniform performance culture with local conditions. Strategy Leadership, 35(6) 44-50. Bhatia, A.K. (2001). International Tourism Management. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Private Limited. Boddewyn, J., Toyne, B. Martà ­nez, Z. (2004). The Meanings of International Management. Management International Review, 44(2):195-212. Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural constraints in management theories. Academy of Management Executive, 7(1)81-93. Schlein, C. Garii, B. (2011). Cross-cultural interpretations of curricular contextual crossings. Issues in Teacher Education, 20(2) 81-94. Schneider, S. Jean-Louis B. (1997). Managing Across Cultures. New York: Prentice Hall. Torres-baumgarten, G. Yucetepe, V. (2009). Multinational Firms’ Leadership Role in Corporate Social Responsibility in Latin America. Journal of Business Ethics: Supplement. 85, 217-224. This research paper on International Tourism Management: Cultural diversity in international trade and International business management through globalization was written and submitted by user Joanna D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Portlands Historic Union Station essays

Portland's Historic Union Station essays Portlands Historic Union Station has been a staple of transportation in the Northwest since it was built in 1896. Portland is a young city at just 150 years old, and Union Station has played a key role in making Portland what it is today. As Portland grew during the late 19th century because of its timber and livestock exports, coupled with the gaining popularity of railway travel, the city decided to construct a rail station that could serve as a major transportation hub for the region. Even with the creation of the Super Highway across the U.S., Union Station has continued to thrive as an important part of the cities transportation system. It also serves as a cherished landmark. Portlands Union Station has had a rich history throughout the years. However in order to completely understand the buildings meaning, factors such as cultural influences, design principles, economic forces, and its technological means must be examined. All buildings are constructed to fulfill needs. Union Station is no exception to this rule. Union Stations purpose is obvious in that it serves as a central part of Portlands expansive transportation system. Without a program, Union Station would be a mere piece of art. Union Stations purpose has never changed dramatically. It has always served as the major center of the cities railroad travel. Of course it had more usage before the creation of the Super Highway and the popularity of air travel, but it has always served the community and its purpose has stayed consistent. Union Station used to serve as the icon for fast and easy travel. Today people look at the Portland (PDX) airport as the fastest mode of travel. Union Stations usage has dropped over time but the people who use it have been the same. Travelers looking to get from place to place have always been the predominant force behind the creation and usage of this building. The program of Union Station is no...

Cross Cultural Managment and Communication at Mitsubishi Essay

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Characteristics of a Metropolitan

Characteristics of a Metropolitan ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to understand what Groningen appropriates as a mini-metropolis city. The first step is to find the meaning of the metropolis from a variety of sources, the second step of searching for data about Groningen and the third step is to compare between the two data. In the end is at a conclusion that the metropolis are not only associated with the factor number of population, area and economy of a city, but a related metropolis of a character which is owned by the city. So Groningen with all matters and functions and its ability to further develop its compliance is said to be a mini-metropolis city. Metropolis Characteristics Metropolitan is a term used to describe a relatively large urban area, both of the size of area, population, and the scale of economic and social activity. While the etymology, said metropolitan (noun) or metropolis (adjective) is derived from the Ancient Greek language, which the word meter means mother, and the word polis means city. (Wackerman, 2000) In general, the metropolitan can also be defined as a large residential center that consists of a large city and some in the surrounding area with one or more major cities that serve as a point of contact (hub) to the towns in the surrounding areas. A metropolitan area is an agglomeration of several settlements, settlements should not be the city, but the overall form a unity in nature activities and lead to the city center (a large city that is the core) that can be seen from the flow of labor and commercial activities. According Goheen (in Bourne, ed. 1971), City / Metropolitan District is an urban area with a population characteristic that stand out in comparison with the surrounding countryside. This term is used to give a more precise picture of the amount and concentration of the population in a large area, which in turn can show the magnitude of the centers of the main settlements in the country. In general, the metropolitan region can be defined as large, with economic and social unity integrated and characterize the activity of the city. The characteristics of the Metropolitan of several aspects such as the amount of population, economic activities, mobility, activities of the population, and the structure of the region. 1. The amount of the total population The magnitude of population becomes a major consideration in determining the aspects of the definition of a metropolitan. However, some urban experts set different limits for the determination of the minimum number of metropolitan area population. 2. Economic activity In the metropolitan area occurs agglomeration residential areas and jobs. That is, the metropolitan area is an urban area with a specializing in social and economic activities function. The economic specialization is the industrial and services sectors. Industrial activities and services is the dominant sector in the growing metropolitan region. Economic activities that take place in the metropolitan area is heterogeneous and has a role as a central / center of economic activities on a regional scale, both within the province or state and national scope. Growth and development of the urban economy are the driving factors behind the metropolitan and will continue to affect the prospects of the future metropolis. In fact, metropolitan anywhere carry out the functions of the national economy, which is a very significant contribution to the whole country. Metropolitan supposedly able to play a role and function in accordance with its share in national economic development. On the other hand, the role of the national economy must be balanced with the metropolitan economy comparable level and is able to also write a decent life for the citizens of the metropolitan community itself. Metropolitan should be able to create jobs and income level sufficient for people to be able to survive and even enjoy life in the metropolitan environment. The income levels are generally far exceeds the metropolitan cities and other areas as well as rural, and the main attraction for the current metropolitan population who are looking for work and a decent lif e. Surely there must be taken into account that the level of public spending in general metropolitan also much higher than the city and other areas. 3. Mobility of peoples activities One characteristic of the metropolitan area is shown in the form of ease of mobility by Angotti (1993) seen in 3 forms (Winarso et al, 2006), namely: a. Occupational mobility (mobility Employment), characterized by the ease with which people move workplace without having to move residence because of the many types and variations of jobs available. b. Housing Mobility (Residential Mobility), occurs in line with the mobility of the workplace. c. Mobility trip (Trip Mobility), occurs because of the mobility of the workplace and residence. 4. Structure Regions Broadly speaking there are two kinds of physical form metropolis that shapes the metropolis spread (dispersed) and the shape of the metropolis centered (concentrated). To spread the metropolis consists of the metropolis spreads and galactic metropolis. As for the centralized metropolis comprises centered metropolis, metropolitan and metropolitan ring star (jayadinata, 1986: 221-226). The Mini Metropolis There is a definition of a mini metropolis of Dr. Peter Kurz, where he was a major in Mannheim, Mannheim as the city he called mini-metropolis. Not because of its large size, not too big for its population, but because of Mannheim managed properly so that this city we can eat, live and work. Geographically, the city is located between two rivers, providing public transport links and good shopping center, and a center of culture, science, research and creativity. In other words, Dr. Peter Kurz said that in this town people can feel the balance of life and comfort of staying in Mannheim Groningen Characteristics Groningen is the main municipality as well as the capital city of the province in the Netherlands. Groningen is the largest city in northern Netherlands, so Groningen is the regional power of the northern Netherlands. When viewing a map of the Netherlands, it appears that groningen is downtown for northern Dutch region, and there are no other major city within a radius of about 150 kilometers from Groningen. Apart from being the capital of the province of Groningen is also a historical and geographical center of Groningen is also a center of trade since the end of the 15th century. The existence of the center of the city of Groningen Martini tower is a symbol of power and later with the establishment of the University of Groningen in 1614 with the development of the city of Groningen now has about 50,000 students (25% deari total population), it is seen that the Groningen become an important educational center for the Netherlands. In addition to being the city with a ratio of the number of students that a lot of the population, the city of Groningen also a leading city in terms of innovation, research development, and entrepreneurship Figure 1. Netherland Map (Steen, 2015) Population in Groningen Groningen as a province has a population of 579.036 residents, and as a Municipality of Groningen has a population of 189.991 residents, which means the city of Groningen has 33% of the total population in the province of Groningen (Steen, 2015). Table 1. composition of the population of the cities in netherland (Steen, 2015) 2000 2009 Amsterdam 731,288 (44,4%) 755,605 (49.5%) Rotterdam 592,673 (40,0%) 587,134 (46,9%) The Hague 441,094 (40,1%) 481,864 (47,3%) Utrecht 233,667 (29,8%) 299,891 (31,5%) Groningen 173,139 (16,5%) 184,227 (19,7%) Netherlands 15,863,950 (17.5%) 16.485.787 (19.9%) Note ( % ) = % of ‘allochtoon’ = 1 or more parents born abroad From the population compotition table, we can see that Groningen become the 5th largest city in population in cities in Netherland, although there is a significant difference in the population of western part of the Netherland city Economic activity According to data from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, the Netherlands is the 18th largest economy in the world in 2012. GDP per capita Approximately $ 43.404 makes netherland one of the richest countries in the world. Netherlands has a large natural gas reserves northern sea areas, but most of the production is from onshore wells and natural gas produced from the Groningen province, Consumption of natural gas in the Netherlands is only about 2/3 of its production, while the rest is exported. Netherlands is currently the fifth largest exporter of natural gas in the world. Figure 2. Largest Gas Fields In The World (http://www.energy-pedia.com/news/netherlands/exxonmobil-to-continue-to-tap-the- enormous-resources-at-the-slochteren-field-for-another-50-more-years) Employment Data Based on data up to April 2012, Groningen providing 135 537 jobs during the two years in which the growth 3010 = 2.3%. And Groningen has 15 909 firms, with over 2 years experience growth in 1417 = 9.8%. This shows that Groningen has good economic growth in terms of the number of jobs available. According to data from 2009 recorded that the ratio of the number of people who work for 1000 residents, Groningen ranks 3rd in the Netherlands the number of 730 jobs per 1,000 residents. This means th culture/recreationat is above the national average of 490 jobs per 1,000 Netherland resident Tabel 2. Employment Growth per-Sector 2009 – 2011 (Steen, 2015) Employment Growth 2009- 2011 agriculture 0.10% industry 5.20% utilities 2.30% ++ construction 4.30% trade 12.30% restaurants, hotels 4.20% transport, communication 8.00% finance 1.50% business services 18.40% + government 8.80% education 9.90% + health 20.70% culture/recreation 4.50% + Mobility of peoples activities The city of Groningen has been recognized as a Word Cycling City, this is because 57% of trips in the city is done by using a bicycle vehicle. Transport infrastructure in the city has been designed well so convenient for cyclists. In 2000, Groningen was elected as Fiedsstad 2002 The Top Bike City of The Netherlands for 2002. The transport system in the city center provides priorities for bicycles and pedestrians, by making traffic cirlulation prohibiting private vehicles into the inner city, inner city divided by 4 zones A, B, C, D. So that private vehicles can not be moved from zone A to B through the middle of town but directed at the ring road towards the road first. so although the distance A to B near as be felt far as having to turn first. Rail: Groningen has three train stations, namely station Groningen, There are three stations in Groningen, Groningen Europapark and Groningen Noord. The main train station has regular services to almost all major cities in the Netherlands (served by the Nederlandse Spoorwegen and Arriva) as well as other European cities. Bus: Groningen has inter-city bus transportation and inter-state bus which flies to several cities in the Netherlands and Germany. It also has a special bus transportation routes within the city groningen that connects several areas in the city groningen CONCLUSION There are diverse opinions of experts on the definition and characteristics of a metropolis, where many describe as a city with a high population and high-income economy, with pomp owned a city. Groningen, with a population of only about 200,000 residents but has a soul and spirit as a mini-metropolis city, Why a mini metropolis, not as a metropolis? I think this is just a comparison of size alone. Groningen has a very compact design and the city continues to grow but never leave its cohesiveness. As a cultural center, education center and a regional economic center in the northern Netherlands, with all its facilities and functions, Groningen has played a role as an attractive city, good for work, interesting place to visit, and certainly comfortable place to live. If I may suggest, I would say that the Groningen like a towering lighthouse and shining brightly, illuminating the surrounding areas. References http://www.energy-pedia.com/news/netherlands/exxonmobil-to-continue-to-tap-the-enormous-resources-at-the-slochteren-field-for-another-50-more-years http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands http://www.cbs.nl http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groningen http://gemeente.groningen.nl/ https://www.scribd.com/doc/50565637/The-city-of-Groningen-has-been-described-as-a-mini-metropolis-Is-this-justifiable http://www.cityoftalent.nl/ http://www.ob-peter-kurz.de/data/minimetropolis.pdf

Caribbean Slavery Essay -- Caribbean History Slave Essays

Caribbean Slavery Starting in the seventeenth century, the European colonization of the Caribbean changed drastically as exploration gave way to exploitation. As the great wealth that the Caribbean held became more evident to the European colonizers, a rush of profit hunters stormed the area and flooded it with slavery. The massive introduction of slavery as the major form of labor organization in the Caribbean changed social organization radically. The plantation system thrived and expanded through the following years (centuries), and the Caribbean became the focus of American slave centers, "The planters of the Caribbean bought about sixty percent of all the slaves sold to the Americas between 1701 and 1810 (Knight, p112)." Franklin W. Knight approximates that five million African slaves were brought to the Caribbean throughout the slave trading years. The resulting success of the Caribbean sugar economy harvested (no pun intended) even more slavery, and the Caribbean became an almost exclusively tw o-group society divided by blacks and whites. Those who did not fall into the well-defined groups –free blacks, maroons, buccaneers, and others- were forced to live isolated from normal society. Arnold Sio addresses the interesting "in-between group" of free blacks in these societies in his article entitled "Marginality and Free Coloured Identity in Caribbean Slave Society". Sio delves into the identity search that the free blacks felt in such situations, and he defines their position simply, "The people of colour were marginal to Caribbean society: neither black nor white, neither African nor European, and neither slave nor free." The assertion that the author makes that these "freedmen" were not free is fundamental in understa... ...at the blacks enjoyed as a result of this participation, a type of psychological empowerment was attained by blacks that was not experienced by blacks on the other islands of the Caribbean. A certain kind of "re-humanizing" takes place with the endowment of responsibility in which the implications go far beyond employment. Through the terrible years of Caribbean slavery, horrific crimes against personal rights were violated over and again. In a genocide of sorts, Africans were taken from their homes, and sold into a system which worked them to their deaths. Blacks in the Caribbean who avoided this horrible situation, few though they were, struggled to establish themselves as successful alternative societies due to their few resources. The varying backgrounds of these people made communication difficult, and made the forming of a unified society almost impossible.

Compare and contrast the aims and methods of Trait Theory Essay

Psychologists seek to explain and formulate why people behave differently in everyday common situations and to define individual differences in terms of the knowledge gained and it structure. Personality can be defined as an individual’s characteristic qualities of thought, emotion and behaviour when interacting with their social environment. Traits are ‘relatively enduring ways in which an individual differs from another’ (Butt 2012, p. 46). Eysenck’s trait theory has it origins in the psychometric tradition of measurement; while Kelly’s personal construct theory adopts a phenomenological approach. The aims and methods of both theories will be critically compared and contrasted outlining their theoretical perspectives and the knowledge that each produce. By focusing on individual differences their different methodological approaches will be assessed in terms of their objective and subjective roles, highlighting that each have influential findings bu t don’t completely give a complete account of all personality phenomena. (Butt, 2012) Eysenck’s (1953) Trait theory adopts a nomothetic approach that classifies personality dimensions to measure and describe the individual differences of personality. It’s based on the assumption that individuals can be characterised by certain personal attributes or traits that in turn influence behaviour. Descriptions of traits have their foundation in everyday language used to describe human behaviour; trait theory draws on the histrionic usage of traits in vocabulary such as ancient Greek typology. This usage is used to support evidence of, ‘constitutional and biological factors that are indicated through personality traits’ (Butt, 2004). Eysenck used factor analysis to establish cluster traits using questionnaires (Eysenck’s Personality Inventory) proposing that two high order factors could account for the clustering profile obtained, extraversion vs introversion and neuroticism vs stability, he later added and third psychoticism vs superego. Each factor has second order traits established from ‘factor analytic studies’ (Butt, 2012, p.50) to describe more fully individual characteristics or tendencies. Eysenck believed biology could  explain the individual differences of personality, that causal factors at a neurological level in the cortical and autonomic arousal systems influence an individual’s temperament and behaviour. ‘The purpose of personality theory is not to capture the idiosyncratic nature of the individual’ (Butt, 2012, p.47), but used as an indicator of how a person is likely to react in certain situations. Eysenck acknowledges that it’s not only biology that influences behaviour, but our past experiences and learning can also have an influence on current reactions to different stimuli. However trait theorists tend to view personality from a deterministic perspective, as stable and enduring and don’t take into consideration the behavioural and attitude changes that people experience over time (Butt, 2012). Kelly’s (1955) personal construct theory, which is a form of phenomenology; views personality as idiosyncratic phenomena that can not be measured, as each individual adopts a unique way of making sense of their world. Each person is seen as a composition of personal world views or constructs that are based on unique experiences. Individuals construct others behaviour in terms of their own subjective viewpoint. Kelly proposed we act like scientists, who form theories and assumptions about ourselves, others and the world. By inquiry and testing out the uncertainties of our assumptions we produce further inquiry that is an ongoing lifelong cycle. Based on the cognitive approach, it is these constructs or schemas Kelly theorises that provide the basis of our reactions and behaviour (Butt, 2012). Both Eysenck and Kelly aimed to produce theories that have a clinical application, Eysenck sought to use his theory for clinical diagnosis in response to discredited psychiatric classifications, while Kelly who practised as a psychotherapist sought to facilitate therapeutic change through learning and self awareness. Eysenck viewed ‘classification as a fundamental part of scientific study’ (Eysenck and Rachman, cited in Butt, 2012, p.48), Kelly placed no importance on the psychometric tradition of assessment; the emphasis of his approach is on ‘recognising the value of examining the unique cognitive constructs of an individual’s world view and the self’ (Butt, 2012. p. 47). Kelly’s emphasis was on self-determination and problem solving rather than the diagnostic standardised dimensions used  by trait theories. Where trait theory seeks to discover societal norms and how we all differ in relation to them, personal construct theory places no importance on making individual comparisons through personality dimensions. Butt (2004) states that ‘trait theory does not account for the richness of personality in the way that personal construct theory can’. Trait theory would propose that behaviour is biologically controlled and therefore consistently predictable, which excludes the potential for change, while personal construct theory views constructs as being flexible and fluid and therefore open to change, even through individuals might actively resist the difficulty of change (Butt, 2012). Mischel (as cited in Butt, 2012) a student of Kelly’s questioned trait theories deterministic view of behaviour consistency, arguing that behaviour was a diverse phenomenon influenced by social stimuli; that people will behave differently according to the situation they find themselves in. Results from Zimbardo’s (1975) prison experiment would suggest that social situations can exert an influencing effect on behaviour. Skinner (1974), (as cited in Butt, 2012) proposed that traits can not explain behaviour; they only provide a description, not an explanation of behaviour that simply identifies regular patterns of behaviour, or a ‘cycle of redescription’ (Butt, 2004. p.3) Mischel also points out that traits are implicit personality theories based on subjective perceptions of the individual being rated, or a perception of others which will reflect biased prejudices of the sociocultural environment. He highlights a study were observers allocated the same traits to both strangers and those they new well, indicating ‘fundamental attribution error’ (Butt, 2004), which suggests that observers attribute over generalised traits that are not valid. This raises the issue of trait objectivity, by highlighting the subjective nature of evaluation that challenges the concept of trait structure, along with the validity and reliability of factor analysis (Butt, 2012). It would appear that the objectivity of trait theory comes into question and therefore the methods it employs. The argument of patterns of similarity verses uniqueness and the approaches they adopt either nomothetic (universally general) or idiographic (individually unique) is a relevant  area, as individual differences has traditionally set out to identify the universal dimensions of individuals. Eysenck used the nomothetic approach of factor analysis, which correlates clusters of traits that have been established through the use of subjective questionnaires and ratings. He addresses the criticism that factor analysis is prone to unreliable incongruent practitioner results stating that ‘universal agreement and correlation is strong support for his statistical method’ (Eysenck and Stanley, as cited in Butt, 2012, p. 51). His measurement techniques provide objective data that can be used to draw comparisons across wide populations and provide a structure in which categorical typology can be conducted. However his factor analysis would appear to be used more in marketing and ‘occupational rather than clinical psychology’ (Butt, 2012). Mischel stated ‘that the only thing objective about personality inventories was their administration and scoring’ (Butt, 2004). Alternatively the idiographic data gathered by personal construct theory produces subjective results that can not be generalised and therefore applied to our understanding of traits or people as a whole (Butt, 2012). Mischel concluded that personality testing only produces self-concepts and personal concepts and more appropriate idiographic measures should be employed like Kelly’s (1955) repertory grid, which helps to assess an individuals personal constructs. The repertory grid was devised by Kelly to elicit how individuals categorise constructs by comparing and contrasting experiences and events, allowing participants to access and assess personal meanings through construing. Individuals construe others behaviour in terms of their own subjective viewpoint. The results produced by repertory grid, can be subjected to factor or cluster analysis but only in terms of the individual meaning rather than a universal interpretation similar to Eysenck’s. Salmon (as cited in, Butt 2012) adopted Kelly’s theories of individual differences and integrates his philosophy and methods into learning in schools. She criticises the ‘market model of education’, which she states â₠¬Ëœdelivers packages of knowledge’ that measures and classifies children through tests and examinations, which removes the ‘individuality of the individual’, creating hierarchies of ability. Like Kelly she argues that learning should be more interactive and intersubjective, that children need  to engage in debate in order to formulate and challenge their own implicit constructs. She believed that it is only by the acknowledgment of existing constructs that personal development can occur, through methods such as Kelly’s repertory grid. By adopting personal construct philosophy, she developed the Salmon line, which seeks to draw out the implicit by empowering students to define the idiosyncratic meaning of their personal expectations around academic progress. Salmon believed that the use of these phenomenological methods instead of the generalised preset formats of trait theory, offered access to ‘living material’ of understanding, which encourages learning and change. (Salmon1994, as cited in Butt 2012, p. 59) Salmon also highlights the hierarchical nature of learning, that educational success is based on the testing and grading students through examinations. From a Kelliyan philosophy, hierarchical structures are unbeneficial; his emphasis is on the understanding of objects rather than labelling or comparison. Hierachical structures raise the issue of power relations that Kelly points to within trait theory and most psychometric methods. As with learning environments, power can be exerted by those who administer measurement tools and how they exert the knowledge that is gained. Trait theory because of its diagnostic emphasis has been criticised due to the pathologising nature of negative diagnosis. Richards (2002) highlights ‘reification where methodology ascribes an unwarranted description to an individual or object’ (p. 254). It could be argued that personal construct methods such as the repertory grid and the Salmon line eliminate the labelling of individuals by traits, by assisting them to identify their own personal constructs and meanings and therefore avoiding power relations (Butt, 2012). Hollway (2012) highlights the importance of agency-structure dualism when considering experimental methodology. Eysenck’s proposes that traits have their explanations in innate biological factors, which would suggest that agency has little or no influence on behaviour and that social factors are irrelevant, suggesting that personality is fixed. Personal construct theory views this dualism as complimentary, where the individual is viewed in the context of the societal environment in which they are constructed. Kelly  proposes that individuals have some degree of agency because structure partly restricts through social construction and therefore have an ability to initiate change. While individuals can change their social and individual constructs, social structure clearly has an influence on behaviour. Salmon shows through examples of learning and the application of the salmon line, the interaction between agency and structure. She highlighted that ‘knowledge is never neutral it comes with the interests and concerns of a particular siociocultural source’ (Salmon, as cited in Butt, 2012, p. 59), clearly indicating how societal influences impact on the agency of individuals (Butt, 2012). Both trait theory and personal construct theory seek to gain an understanding and explain why individuals act in terms of individual differences. Eysenck and Rachman’s trait theory adopts a nomothetic approach using psychometric testing to measure personality traits. Kelly’s personal construct theory emphasise the uniqueness of individuals, seeking to understand how individuals construct their subjective world views, based on their own experiences. Using phenomenological methods they produce detailed accounts of individual personalities that avoid comparisons, with an emphasis on interpretation rather than scientific explanation, in contrast to the psychometric tradition which sets out to discover societal norms and use these to explain individual differences (Butt, 2012). Eysenck outlines personality in terms of dimensions which reflect the underlying biological basis of personality. Personal construct theory recognises the ability for change unlike trait theory and uses idiographic methods such as the repertory grid and the Salmon line to enable chance to occur, through the interaction of personal agency and social structures. Salmon showed how personal construct theory can be implemented into clinical practice, however a complete theory of personality would need to encompass, structure, psychopathology and change, it would appear that both theories have areas of development in both theory building and testing. References: Butt, T. (2012). Individual differences In Hollway, W., Lucey, H., Phoenix, A., and Lewis, G. (eds). Social Psychology Matters (p.1-22). Milton Keynes: The Open University. Butt, T. (2004). Understanding people, Basingstoke and New York, Palgrave MacMillan. Richards, G. (2002). Putting psychology in its place, Hove, Psychology press.

Free Essays on X-rays

x-rays X-rays were first discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Rà ¶ntgen who was a german physicist. During experiments with electric currents passing through a vacuum tube, Wilhelm Conrad Rà ¶ntgen observed that a nearby fluorescent screen glowed when the current was being passed. After turning on high voltage current, Wilhelm Conrad Rà ¶ntgen noticed a green glow and the fogging of photographic plates. He then tried covering the tube with black paper reassuring that no light would pass through. Still, something came through that affected the photographic plate. He noted this effect being caused by unknown rays which in turn he later called X-rays, X being used as the unknown rays. Soon after Wilhelm Conrad Rà ¶ntgen took an x-ray of his wife’s hand. The wedding ring appeared on the picture and had completely blocked out the x-rays. This is the reason that they appear black. This new form of radiation created a great interest in both the scientific field and public sector. What are x-rays and what are they used for? X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays have high energy and short wavelength and are able to pass through tissue. Going through the body, the denser tissues, such as the bones, will block more of the rays than will the less dense tissues, such as the lung. The shorter the wavelength the greater its energy and its penetrating power. In the Webster dictionary an x-ray is defined as, â€Å"a radiation of the same nature as light rays but of extremely short wavelength, that is generated by the striking of a stream of electrons against a metal surface in a vacuum, and that is able to penetrate through various thickness of solids† x-ray pictures are also known as radiographs. A special type of photographic film is used to record X-ray pictures. The X-rays are converted into light and the more energy that has reached the recording system, the darker that region of the film will be. This is why the... Free Essays on X-rays Free Essays on X-rays x-rays X-rays were first discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Rà ¶ntgen who was a german physicist. During experiments with electric currents passing through a vacuum tube, Wilhelm Conrad Rà ¶ntgen observed that a nearby fluorescent screen glowed when the current was being passed. After turning on high voltage current, Wilhelm Conrad Rà ¶ntgen noticed a green glow and the fogging of photographic plates. He then tried covering the tube with black paper reassuring that no light would pass through. Still, something came through that affected the photographic plate. He noted this effect being caused by unknown rays which in turn he later called X-rays, X being used as the unknown rays. Soon after Wilhelm Conrad Rà ¶ntgen took an x-ray of his wife’s hand. The wedding ring appeared on the picture and had completely blocked out the x-rays. This is the reason that they appear black. This new form of radiation created a great interest in both the scientific field and public sector. What are x-rays and what are they used for? X-rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays have high energy and short wavelength and are able to pass through tissue. Going through the body, the denser tissues, such as the bones, will block more of the rays than will the less dense tissues, such as the lung. The shorter the wavelength the greater its energy and its penetrating power. In the Webster dictionary an x-ray is defined as, â€Å"a radiation of the same nature as light rays but of extremely short wavelength, that is generated by the striking of a stream of electrons against a metal surface in a vacuum, and that is able to penetrate through various thickness of solids† x-ray pictures are also known as radiographs. A special type of photographic film is used to record X-ray pictures. The X-rays are converted into light and the more energy that has reached the recording system, the darker that region of the film will be. This is why the...

Sibling Relations and Subsequent Characteristic Traits

Sibling Relations and Subsequent Characteristic Traits The loss of parents has devastating effects on the lives of the children. Suddenly, the children have to learn to exist without the comfort and sense of re-assurance that parents tend to give to their children – whether young or old.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sibling Relations and Subsequent Characteristic Traits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The absence of parents makes the children relate to each other in a different manner. In most cases, the elder siblings tend to take up the parental role; however, unprepared they are, and the subsequent relations between the elder and younger siblings often bring out certain character traits and qualities in them as individuals. The relationship between siblings whose parents are absent due to death or other factors and the subsequent life struggles the siblings endure, frequently bring out certain qualities and characteristics in them. Mostly, the elde r siblings develop a responsible, tough, and unselfish personality, while the younger siblings often become dependent and irresponsible; all siblings, however, acquire sacrificial qualities in the end. In the absence of parents due to death or other factors, elder siblings conventionally have to step in and play the parental role, making these elder siblings become responsible and focused individuals. Inevitably, many elder siblings are suddenly faced with the responsibility of taking care of their younger siblings, filling in the void left by the absent parents. Many of the actions of the elder siblings are geared towards providing a sense of emotional and situational balance for the younger siblings, who are more heavily affected by the absence of the parents (Dunn 788). In most cases, the elder siblings, as a result, become highly responsible and focused individuals. In the instance where the age gap between the eldest siblings and the younger one(s) is significant, the elder si bling often becomes a veritable parent to the younger siblings. If the eldest sibling is involved in any income-earning activity, he or she will be the breadwinner for the younger siblings as expected, and will have to accommodate the needs of the younger siblings in all the plans he or she makes. Out of the relationship between the elder sibling and the younger siblings, in which the elder sibling has to play the ‘parent’ role, a keen sense of responsibility develops in the elder siblings. The elder sibling, regardless of age, has to become the guardian to the younger siblings, and such a responsibility creates a responsible character in the elder siblings.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The elder siblings often have to endure more hardships and have to forfeit their own leisure, freedom, and feelings of hurt and abandonment from the absence of paren ts for the sake of the younger siblings. The elder siblings thus become tough and almost emotionally inexpressive due to this. Because the pain from parental loss is indiscriminate, it affects, hurts, and leaves the older siblings scared and abandoned in the same manner it does the younger siblings. However, the older siblings are not given the opportunity to grieve or express these emotions because they immediately have to fill in the physical and emotional gap left in the family due to the death of parents. Because the elder siblings have to be emotionally strong for the younger siblings, they perfect the art of hiding their feelings. Moreover, given that the elder siblings are expected to be the role model and a source of refuge for the younger siblings when life for these younger siblings gets a bit tough, the elder siblings do not get a chance to ‘wear their hearts on their sleeves’. Even when the occasion calls for a bit of emotional expressiveness, the elder sibl ings will frequently tend to feign a sense of indifference to the situation, so that the younger siblings can get the chance to vent their anger and express their emotions. According to Schlomer et al, whenever the family is in a crisis, the siblings turn to each other for emotional support†¦crises like divorce, parental separation, terminal illnesses in a parent, or death of a parent push the siblings to turn to each other (290). If the sibling age difference is substantial, the elder sibling has to be emotionally competent for the younger sibling(s). Therefore, in most cases, the elder siblings do not usually get the personal opportunity to express their feelings, and thus become emotionally inexpressive and find it harder to express their feelings freely. Additionally, younger siblings are likely to exploit the abundant kindness shown to them by their elder siblings, thereby developing carefree attitudes and cultivating a culture of being irresponsible. The benefits of havin g strong sibling relations, however, tend to be exploited by the younger siblings sometimes. According to Kramer and Conger, modeling is not the only way that younger siblings learn from their elder siblings. Even though younger siblings tend to endeavor to emulate the behavior of the elder siblings, the reverse is also true (4). The influence of peers on the younger siblings tends to be stronger than that of the model elder sibling. Therefore, if the younger sibling does not share mutual friends with the elder sibling, then the influence of the younger sibling’s friends overrides that of the elder siblings in most cases.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sibling Relations and Subsequent Characteristic Traits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Subsequently, as the responsible elder siblings endeavor to make the life of the younger sibling better, the younger siblings sometimes take advantage and exploit this kindness for their own selfish ends. Kramer and Conger, for instance, state that the younger siblings are more likely to drop out of school due to early pregnancies or substance abuse whilst cohabiting with the elder sibling. Furthermore, when the elder sibling sets standards in life and educational achievement that the younger sibling may find impossible to emulate, the younger sibling channels these frustrations into self-harmful habits such as drug abuse and become more susceptible to negative peer influence (6). As a result, the younger siblings develop a careless approach to life issues and become irresponsible. Elder siblings, for the sake of their younger siblings, often plan their individual lives to fit to the needs of their younger siblings. The elder siblings thus develop unselfish characteristics. The relationship amongst siblings involves many dynamics. There is a direct relationship between how the younger sibling eventually makes his or her life choices in adulth ood. Such relationship also exists in the influence of the elder sibling on the younger sibling’s life. Gerbert states that, when the elder sibling is supportive of the younger sibling(s), the younger siblings turn out to be more competent than a child who does not receive the emotional, social, and material support of an elder sibling (1389). Such a positive influence by the elder sibling indicates an unselfish characteristic. Oftentimes, hardships endured together strengthen the relationship between siblings; they are more adjusted to life’s common hardships, and such siblings are able to sacrifice their individual desires, dreams, and hopes for the sake of their siblings. These siblings thus mutually develop sacrificial attitudes and characters. The loss of parents, especially in childhood leaves the siblings little option but to draw strength from each other as they grow up. According to Mack, siblings who lose their parents when they are young tend to have stronge r adult relationships than siblings who lose their parents as adults (145).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As they grow older, these siblings learn to draw strength and inspiration from each other, and the realization that they have only each other for support buttresses these relationships. For instance, the shared struggles between the two brothers, the narrator and Sonny, eventually strengthen their relationship. Having overcome their initial relations, the two brothers in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† get to appreciate each other’s exclusive dreams and desires in life. Therefore, the loss of parents has the effect of strengthening sibling relations overall, especially if the loss occurs when the children are young. These siblings, in most cases, are thus able and willing to sacrifice for each other and thus acquire a sacrificial character especially towards each other and those close to them. In Conclusion, how siblings relate to each other, especially in the absence of parents, functions to bring out certain characteristics and personalities in the siblings in most cases . The sudden departure of a parent from the family scene has a significant effect on the immediate and future well-being of the children. Most of the time, the children have to make emotional, moral, social and even economic re-adjustments to their lives. All these re-adjustments make the siblings turn to each other for support and re-assurance and such a relationship brings out certain qualities in the siblings. The elder siblings tend to be responsible, emotionally mature, and altruistic, while the younger siblings tend to be irresponsible. Both of them eventually do develop a mutual respect and love for each other, based on shared difficult life experiences as siblings whose parents are absent. Dunn, Judy. Sibling Relationships in Early Childhood. Child Development 54.4 (1983): 787-811. Gerbert, Haselager. Perceived support in sibling relationships and adolescent adjustment. Journal of Child Psychology Psychiatry 45.8 (2004): 1385-1396. Kramer, Laurie, and Katherine J. Conger. What we learn from our sisters and brothers: For better or for worse. New Directions for Child Adolescent Development 2009.126 (2009): 1-12. Mack, Kristin. The effects of early parental death on sibling relationships in later life. Omega: Journal of Death Dying 49.2 (2004): 131-148. Schlomer, Gabriel, Bruce Ellis, and Judy Garber. Mother–Child Conflict and Sibling Relatedness: A Test of Hypotheses from Parent–Offspring Conflict Theory. Journal of Research on Adolescence 20.2 (2010): 287-306.

Marketing Mix Stimuli Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Marketing Mix Stimuli - Essay Example The researcher states that product portfolio of Ariel brand can be explained in the following manner. Ariel Excel Gel The product is designed for low-temperature cleaning. A unique design of the bottle and innovative gel formulae of the product give a user the opportunity to wash clothes with high precision. The gel gets dissolve very easily in water hence solvency rate increases. The detergent is able to remove various types of stains such as tomato sauce, dirt, chocolate etc from cloths. Ariel Powder Ariel Powder is designed to give brilliant cleaning in every wash. The detergent can wash colored garments without causing harm to fabrics of a garment. The detergent should be dosed directly on the cloth by taking water as the surfactant. Ariel Excel Liquitabs Ariel Excel Liquitabs is able to remove stains such as oil, tar, grease etc. The product should be dosed in the lower drawer of Washing Machine. Ariel Tablets Ariel Tablets provides the convenience of using to users. The product has been developed in order to get a brilliant wash from the smallest possible dose. The study will be incomplete if it misses the opportunity to explain the role of consumer behavior in purchasing a detergent product. A psychoanalytical theory proposed by Sigmund Freud states that human personality depends on different variables such as id (biological need driven gratification), ego (conflict between the hedonistic requirement of id and ethical constraint of superego) and superego (behavior backed by social responsibility). Many consumers show boycotts of non-eco-friendly products in order to show their environmental concern. These customers prefer â€Å"ethical consumption† in order to maintain environmental sustainability. Foxall et al. have divided motivation into six components such as social needs, physiological needs, cognitive needs, symbolic needs, experiential needs and hedonic needs in order to explain customer demand. Customers purchase Ariel detergent in order t o satisfy their daily household needs hence purchase behavior is more driven by id aspect in contrast to other elements of psychoanalytic theory. Detergent purchase behavior of a customer can be briefed in the following manner.   People purchase detergent as daily household item hence they do not spend much time on the pre-purchase decision. Self-consciousness plays the very small role in purchasing decision. Brand conscious customers purchase Ariel due to the brand name of Procter & Gamble. Many customers purchase Ariel with an intention to satisfy self-esteem. Psychographics VALS or â€Å"Value and Lifestyle† framework has divided consumers into four segments such as â€Å"Actulizers† (Customers spending large sum of money on purchasing in order to show taste and attitude), Fulfilled (Customers purchasing product after doing rigorous background research), Believers (purchasing product in order to satisfy traditional family value) and Strivers (Customers purchasing low priced but stylish products). A study shows that believers play the significant role in purchasing detergent. Believers prefer well-known brands hence they choose Ariel over unknown local brands. Involvement Detergent is a low involvement product because customers do not require huge financial resources to purchase it.

Discussion for online Economics class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion for online Economics class - Essay Example In this case, the value of currency in circulation surpassed the market value of American products. In addition, inflation may have occurred due to economic stimulus programs initiated by the government. The stimulus program compels people to spend, hence creating short-term inflation. The CIP index could also have increased due to external forces or forces in the international market. Increase in prices of capital goods such as oil and automobiles could have resulted from competition in the international market. China is overtaking the US as the largest global importer of crude oil and iron ore. Aggressive measures taken by china are causing an increase in prices of consumer goods around the world. These strategies make imports expensive for the US and other developed countries. As the country continues to pay more for its import’s, the price of the dollar has fallen sharply causing an increase in prices of consumer